Vikram-32 Microprocessor: India’s First Indigenous Space-Grade Semi conductor Chip Explained
India has taken a giant leap in its journey toward technological self-reliance with the unveiling of its first fully indigenous space-grade microprocessor — Vikram-32. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at its Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali, in collaboration with the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), this achievement is not just about a chip. It is about India’s capability to build critical technology that was once imported at great cost and risk.
In this blog post, we will explore what the Vikram-32 chip is, its significance, technical details, applications, and why it marks such an important milestone for India.
What is Vikram-32?
Vikram-32, officially known as Vikram3201, is India’s first indigenous 32-bit microprocessor designed specifically for space applications. The name pays homage to Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space program. It succeeds ISRO’s earlier processor, Vikram1601, a 16-bit chip used in launch vehicles since 2009.
This new processor is designed to handle critical operations such as guidance, navigation, and control in launch vehicles and satellites, where reliability is more important than speed or miniaturization.
Why is Vikram-32 Important?
1. Reducing Dependence on Imports
For decades, India has relied on imported semiconductors for everything from smartphones to satellites. Space-grade chips, though fewer in number, are the most expensive and strategically sensitive. By developing Vikram-32, India takes its first step toward self-reliance in a sector where global supply chains are often restricted due to security reasons.
2. Economic Savings
India spends billions of dollars each year importing semiconductors. Indigenous chips like Vikram-32 will gradually reduce this dependency, saving money and ensuring technology is Made in India.
3. Strategic and Security Advantage
Space technology is directly linked to national security. Owning the ability to design and fabricate processors means India is less vulnerable to global restrictions, sanctions, or supply disruptions.
4. Symbol of Technological Confidence
The development of Vikram-32 represents India’s capability to design, manufacture, and validate space-grade chips within its own ecosystem — a matter of immense pride and global recognition.
Technical Details of Vikram-32
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Processor Type: 32-bit microprocessor (Vikram3201)
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Technology Node: Fabricated using 180 nm CMOS technology
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Special Features:
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Support for floating-point arithmetic for high-precision calculations
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Compatible with the Ada programming language, widely used in aerospace and defense
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Integrated MIL-STD-1553B interface for reliable communication in launch vehicles
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Successor: Upgraded from Vikram1601 (16-bit) used since 2009
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Validation: Successfully tested aboard the PSLV-C60 mission
Unlike commercial chips where smaller is always better (like 7 nm or 5 nm technology), in space applications, older nodes like 180 nm are preferred. The reason is simple: reliability and resilience. Advanced miniaturized chips are highly vulnerable to radiation and space conditions, while slightly larger nodes are more robust and dependable.
Applications of Vikram-32
1. Space Launch Vehicles
Vikram-32 is designed to be the “brain” of rockets, managing mission-critical tasks such as navigation, trajectory control, and guidance.
2. Satellites
It can be used in satellites for controlling onboard systems, communication, and navigation.
3. Defense and Aerospace
Its ruggedness makes it suitable for defense-grade applications where high reliability is needed.
4. Automotive and Energy Sectors
While primarily built for space, its resilience opens up possible applications in industries where reliability is more important than raw speed.
The Evolution: From Vikram1601 to Vikram-32
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2009: ISRO introduced Vikram1601, a 16-bit processor used in mission computers of launch vehicles.
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2025: With Vikram-32, India enters the 32-bit era, allowing more powerful and precise computations needed for modern missions.
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Future: The roadmap includes building even more advanced indigenous processors, possibly for reusable launch vehicles and deep-space missions.
Why 180 nm and Not 7 nm?
Many wonder why India used 180 nm technology when the world is at 5 nm and even 3 nm fabrication. The answer lies in the requirements of space missions:
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Radiation Hardness: Larger transistors handle cosmic radiation better.
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Reliability Over Performance: In space, a slower but more reliable chip is more valuable than a fast but fragile one.
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Lower Power Sensitivity: Older nodes consume slightly more power, but their robustness makes them more suitable for satellites and rockets.
Thus, 180 nm is not a step backward, but the right choice for space.
Semicon India 2025 and National Vision
The launch of Vikram-32 was showcased at Semicon India 2025, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This event highlighted India’s growing semiconductor ecosystem.
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Investment: Over ₹1.6 lakh crore worth of projects approved in six states.
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Manufacturing Units: Five semiconductor fabrication units are under construction.
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Skill Development: Government is training engineers and encouraging startups to join the semiconductor mission.
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India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Launched in 2021 with ₹76,000 crore to establish India as a global semiconductor hub.
Global Context
Globally, the semiconductor market is projected to cross $1 trillion soon. While countries like the US, Taiwan, South Korea, and China lead the race, India is taking its first decisive steps.
By starting with space-grade chips, India is entering the game strategically. Rather than competing directly with giants on 5 nm chips, India is building expertise in specialized, high-reliability processors that few countries can make.
The Road Ahead
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Scaling Up Fabrication – Moving from 180 nm to smaller, more advanced nodes for commercial use.
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Expanding Applications – Using indigenous chips in consumer electronics, automotive, and defense.
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Building Ecosystem – Encouraging startups, universities, and private firms to innovate in chip design.
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Global Collaboration – Partnering with friendly nations while strengthening domestic capabilities.
Conclusion
The launch of Vikram-32 marks a historic milestone in India’s journey toward technological independence. It may not immediately reduce billions in chip imports, but it establishes the foundation for a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem.
In space, every component must be tested for ultimate reliability — and Vikram-32 has proven itself aboard ISRO missions. Its development is not just about a processor; it is about India’s determination to stand tall in the global technology race.
With initiatives like the India Semiconductor Mission and the successful debut of Vikram-32, the future looks bright. The message is clear: India is no longer just a consumer of technology — it is a creator.
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